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China: IP & AI

All six IP & AI claims for this jurisdiction, with the original source for each completed cell. Editor: David Longford.

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Copyright · Claim 1

AI-Only Works · Copyrightability

Are works generated solely by AI (no human creative contribution) eligible for copyright protection in this jurisdiction?
Unsettled Editorial
Source citation: Beijing Internet Court (2023) Jing 0491 Min Chu No. 11279
Beijing Internet Court (2023) Jing 0491 Min Chu No. 11279 (Li v Liu, Nov 2023). Mandarin ruling text not accessible to automated tooling at time of research.
Verification: Mandarin ruling not accessible to automated tooling; case is real (Li v Liu, BJ Internet Court Nov 2023) but verbatim verification not possible
Copyright · Claim 2

AI-Only Works · Authorship

When a work is generated solely by AI, does the law name a human or legal person as the author — and if so, who?
Unsettled Source-confirmed
Source citation: Copyright Law Art 11
PRC Copyright Law Art 11 (WIPO Lex verbatim): "Except where otherwise provided in this Law, the copyright in a work shall belong to its author." Statute predates AI and contains no provision addressing AI-generated content.
View source → www.wipo.int
Verification: WIPO Lex (text 466268) verbatim: 'Except where otherwise provided in this Law, the copyright in a work shall belong to its author.' Statute predates AI and contains no provision addressing AI-generated content
Training Data · Claim 3

Non-Commercial TDM · Research

Can researchers perform text-and-data mining on copyrighted works without a licence for scientific or non-commercial purposes?
No Editorial
Source citation: Copyright Law Art 24 (closed list of fair-use exceptions)
Copyright Law Art 24 closed list of fair-use exceptions does not include text and data mining (Apr 10 substance plausible; primary Mandarin source not directly verified).
Verification: Apr 10 substance plausible (Art 24 list does not include TDM); primary Chinese source not verifiable from accessible sources today
Training Data · Claim 4

Commercial TDM · AI Training

Can commercial actors (including AI developers) train models on copyrighted works without a licence, subject to opt-out or any other limit?
No Editorial
Source citation: Copyright Law Art 24 (closed list)
No commercial TDM exception in Copyright Law Art 24 (Apr 10 substance plausible; primary Mandarin source not directly verified).
Verification: Apr 10 substance plausible (no commercial TDM in Art 24); primary Chinese source not verifiable
Patents · Claim 5

AI as Inventor

Can an AI system be designated as the inventor on a patent application in this jurisdiction?
No Source-confirmed
Source citation: Patent Law Art 6
PRC Patent Law Art 6 (WIPO Lex verbatim): service inventions belong to the employer; for non-service invention-creations, "the right to apply for a patent belongs to the inventor or designer. After the application is approved, the inventor or designer shall be the patentee." Art 16: "The inventor or designer shall have the right to be named as such in the patent documents." Both provisions presuppose a natural-person inventor or designer.
View source → www.wipo.int
Verification: WIPO Lex verbatim Art 6: service inventions belong to employer; non-service to 'the inventor or designer'; Art 16 'The inventor or designer shall have the right to be named as such in the patent documents' — both presuppose natural-person inventor/designer
Patents · Claim 6

AI-Assisted Inventorship

When an AI system contributes materially to an invention, does the law require a human inventor and how is contribution-by-AI treated?
No framework Editorial
Source citation: (no statutory or case guidance on AI-assisted inventorship)
No statutory or case framework on AI-assisted inventorship in China.
Verification: Apr 10 finding accurate — no Chinese framework on AI-as-tool inventorship
How each reference table is built Four-stage process · every statement is hash-pinned to source and reviewed by a human editor before publication.
Stage 1 · Machine
Source archival
Primary regulator texts are fetched directly from official portals and hash-pinned.
Stage 2 · AI
Dual-judge verification
Two independent AI systems must both locate the exact supporting text in the source.
Stage 3 · Machine
Reconciliation
Disagreements between the two judges are flagged and escalated to the editor.
Stage 4 · Human
Editorial sign-off
The PAI editor reviews every page, checks a sample against source, and signs before publication.
Claim coverage · Jurisdiction × topic matrix
Claims captured in the last 30 days, by jurisdiction and topic. Click to reveal.
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Live coverage

Jurisdiction × topic matrix

Verified-claim counts captured by the coverage engine at every jurisdiction × topic intersection in the last 30 days. Empty cells mean no claim has been captured yet — not that nothing happened.

Claims · 30d 0 80+
Window
Metric
Jurisdiction PrivacyGDPR-family, local DPAs AIAI Act, NIST-AI RMF, sector CyberNIS2, CISA, NCSC Enforcementfines, orders, settlements Consultationsopen rulemaking StandardsISO/IEC, CEN, NIST IPtraining-data, trade secret Total
EU
European UnionEU institutions · 27 MS
 84today84 claims · 30d · last today 72today72 claims · 30d · last today 43yesterday43 claims · 30d · last yesterday 91today91 claims · 30d · last today 183d ago18 open consultations 914 Apr9 standards claims 411 Apr4 IP claims 321
GB
United KingdomUK-wide + devolved
 51today51 privacy claims · 30d 46today46 AI claims · 30d 24yesterday24 cyber claims · NCSC-led 1916 Apr19 enforcement claims 717 Apr7 open consultations 312 Apr3 standards claims 209 Apr2 IP claims 152
DE
GermanyBund + 16 Länder
 67today67 privacy claims · 17 DPAs 28today28 AI claims 22today22 cyber claims · BSI-led 38today38 enforcement claims 815 Apr8 open consultations 310 Apr3 standards claims (DIN) —No IP claims captured yet 166
FR
FranceNational
 78today78 privacy claims · CNIL-led 19yesterday19 AI claims 1115 Apr11 cyber claims · ANSSI 42today42 enforcement claims 412 Apr4 open consultations —No standards claims captured yet —No IP claims captured yet 154
IT
ItalyNational
 29today29 privacy claims · Garante 1216 Apr12 AI claims 511 Apr5 cyber claims · ACN 1417 Apr14 enforcement claims 209 Apr2 open consultations —No standards claims captured yet —No IP claims captured yet 62
ES
SpainNational
 26today26 privacy claims · AEPD 1117 Apr11 AI claims · AESIA-led 612 Apr6 cyber claims 1316 Apr13 enforcement claims 310 Apr3 open consultations —No standards claims captured yet —No IP claims captured yet 59
IE
IrelandNational
 12today12 privacy claims · DPC 414 Apr4 AI claims 311 Apr3 cyber claims 18today18 enforcement claims — DPC Meta/Google 208 Apr2 consultations —No standards claims captured yet —No IP claims captured yet 39
US
United States (federal)FTC, NIST, CISA, agencies
 22today22 privacy claims · no federal statute yet 44today44 AI claims 48today48 cyber claims · CISA + NIST 27today27 enforcement claims · FTC-led 1615 Apr16 open rulemakings 34today34 standards claims · NIST CSF / AI RMF 813 Apr8 IP claims · USCO GenAI guidance 199
US
CaliforniaState
 39today39 privacy claims · CPPA + CA AG 28today28 AI claims · ADMT-led 510 Apr5 cyber claims 22today22 enforcement claims · CA AG + CPPA 1116 Apr11 open rulemakings —No standards claims captured yet —No IP claims captured yet 105
US
ColoradoState
 414 Apr4 privacy claims 17today17 AI claims · Colorado AI Act — 209 Apr2 enforcement claims 311 Apr3 open consultations — — 26
CA
CanadaFederal + provinces
 12yesterday12 privacy claims · OPC-led 1015 Apr10 AI claims · AIDA still in committee 613 Apr6 cyber claims · CSE-led 310 Apr3 enforcement claims 208 Apr2 open consultations — — 33
JP
JapanNational
 9today9 privacy claims · PPC 16today16 AI claims · AI Promotion Act 511 Apr5 cyber claims · NISC 209 Apr2 enforcement claims 213 Apr2 open consultations — — 34
KR
South KoreaNational
 516 Apr5 privacy claims · PIPC 22today22 AI claims · AI Basic Act in force — 412 Apr4 enforcement claims — — — 31
CN
ChinaNational
 814 Apr8 privacy claims · CAC 36today36 AI claims · CAC + MIIT 610 Apr6 cyber claims · MSS / MIIT — 215 Apr2 open consultations — — 52
SG
SingaporeNational
 413 Apr4 privacy claims · PDPC 11today11 AI claims · IMDA AI Verify 312 Apr3 cyber claims · CSA — — 211 Apr2 standards · ISO participation — 20
AU
AustraliaFederal
 11today11 privacy claims · OAIC 613 Apr6 AI claims · DISR-led 411 Apr4 cyber claims · ASD 209 Apr2 enforcement claims 712 Apr7 open consultations · Privacy Act Tranche 2 — — 30
BR
BrazilNational
 9today9 privacy claims · ANPD 815 Apr8 AI claims · PL 2338 in Senate — 311 Apr3 enforcement claims 210 Apr2 open consultations — — 22
IN
IndiaNational + states
 13today13 privacy claims · MeitY drafting rules 616 Apr6 AI claims · MeitY advisory 313 Apr3 cyber claims · CERT-In — 8today8 consultations · DPDPA rules — — 30
EU 27 Implementation Tracker

Member State implementation status

Designated authorities, transposition status, and national derogations across the three pillars of EU digital regulation. Each cell links to the responsible body or quotes the operative provision; click a Member State name for the full per-jurisdiction page. Drawn from EU Implementation table (Airtable) and refreshed as PAI Research Team verifies each cell.

Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 — designated authorities and national framework
● 2 Designated ◐ 24 Proposed ○ 70 Not yet ⏳ 66 Pending across 162 cells (27 MS × 6 columns)
Member State
Market Surveillance
0/27 designated or proposed
Notifying Authority
0/27 designated or proposed
Fundamental Rights (Art 77)
1/27 designated or proposed
Regulatory Sandbox
25/27 designated or proposed
Penalties Framework
0/27 designated or proposed
National AI Law
0/27 designated or proposed
Austria○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Belgium○Not yet○Not yet●SPF◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Bulgaria○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Croatia○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Cyprus○Not yet⏳Pending○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Czech Republic○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Denmark○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Estonia○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Finland○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
France○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐CNIL⏳Pending⏳Pending
Germany○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Greece○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Hungary○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Ireland○Not yet⏳Pending⏳Pending○Not yet⏳Pending⏳Pending
Italy○Not yet⏳Pending⏳Pending◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Latvia○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Lithuania○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Luxembourg⏳Pending⏳Pending○Not yet○Not yet⏳Pending⏳Pending
Malta○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Netherlands○Not yet○Not yet⏳Pending◐AP⏳Pending⏳Pending
Poland○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Portugal○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Romania○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Slovakia○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Slovenia⏳Pending⏳Pending○Not yet◐Proposed⏳Pending⏳Pending
Spain⏳Pending⏳Pending○Not yet●In force⏳Pending⏳Pending
Sweden○Not yet○Not yet○Not yet◐IMY⏳Pending⏳Pending
Directive (EU) 2022/2555 — transposition and competent authorities
● 3 Designated ⏳ 132 Pending across 135 cells (27 MS × 5 columns)
Member State
Transposition
3/27 designated or proposed
Competent Authority
0/27 designated or proposed
Single Point of Contact
0/27 designated or proposed
CSIRT
0/27 designated or proposed
National Cyber Strategy
0/27 designated or proposed
Austria⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Belgium⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Bulgaria⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Croatia⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Cyprus⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Czech Republic⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Denmark⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Estonia⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Finland⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
France⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Germany●NIS⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Greece⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Hungary⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Ireland⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Italy●ACN⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Latvia⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Lithuania⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Luxembourg⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Malta⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Netherlands⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Poland⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Portugal⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Romania⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Slovakia⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Slovenia⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Spain⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Sweden●SFS⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 — supervisory authorities and national derogations
● 27 Designated ⏳ 108 Pending across 135 cells (27 MS × 5 columns)
Member State
Supervisory Authority
27/27 designated or proposed
Lead Authority
0/27 designated or proposed
National Implementing Law
0/27 designated or proposed
DPIA Mandatory List
0/27 designated or proposed
Breach Reporting Rules
0/27 designated or proposed
Austria●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Belgium●APD-GBA⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Bulgaria●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Croatia●AZOP⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Cyprus●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Czech Republic●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Denmark●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Estonia●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Finland●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
France●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Germany●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Greece●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Hungary●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Ireland●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Italy●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Latvia●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Lithuania●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Luxembourg●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Malta●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Netherlands●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Poland●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Portugal●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Romania●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Slovakia●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Slovenia●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Spain●AEPD⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
Sweden●GDPR⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending⏳Pending
● Designated ◐ Proposed ○ Not yet ⚠ Infringement ◇ N/A ⏳ Pending verification
Why are some cells empty? Coverage is live from each body's tracking-start date (from 1 Jan 2025 onward for most). An em-dash means no verified claim has yet been captured at that intersection — not that the topic is inactive. Use the Activity filter on a jurisdiction page to see what that jurisdiction's bodies are currently publishing on.